Who enforces Titles II and III, and how can individuals seek relief?

• A. The EEOC enforces Titles II and III; individuals may also pursue private lawsuits to enforce accessibility obligations.
• B. The Department of Education enforces Titles II and III; individuals can only file complaints with public entities.
• C. The Department of Justice enforces Titles II and III; individuals may also pursue private lawsuits to enforce accessibility obligations.
• D. The Department of Labor enforces Titles II and III; individuals may sue in state court only.

Answer: (C)

Enforcement of Titles II and III is handled by the Department of Justice. Title II applies to state and local governments, and Title III applies to places of public accommodation like hotels, restaurants, theaters, and similar facilities. The DOJ can bring civil actions to ensure compliance and to resolve violations, often through settlements or court orders.

Individuals have a practical path to relief through private lawsuits in federal court to enforce accessibility obligations. These private actions allow a person to seek remedies that typically include injunctive relief to require accessibility improvements and may also cover legal fees. In addition to private suits, individuals can file complaints with the DOJ, which can investigate and pursue enforcement actions on their behalf.

The other agencies listed do not enforce Titles II or III—EEOC handles employment-related Title I issues, while the Department of Education and the Department of Labor are not responsible for enforcing these titles.